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Healthcare and health insurance are an important safety net for all individuals living in the United States to have. Because there is no universal health care offered to everyone residing within the United States, it comes down to who in the family needs health care and health insurance the most. Even though it may be assumed that the elderly need health care the most, this study focuses on the importance of health care for children and whether they are insured based on their family’s overall income. This paper hypothesizes that families with lower income are more likely to insure their younger children as compared to older kids in their teenage years; families with higher incomes are more likely to have healthcare for all children in the family. The reason is that it is easier for younger kids to get sick because they have a weaker immune system and it is more detrimental for them to get sick compared to all older individuals. This paper will use the national data on health care coverage in the United States to test the hypothesis. Health care and insurance plans for children provide care for physical exams, prevention care, health education, observations and screenings, immunization, and sick care (Centers 2016). In the past twenty years, children of all ages without healthcare decreased from 14% in 1993 to 7% in 2013 (Centers 2016). A major factor presented in previous studies show that whether a child is insured greatly depends on their age. Children between ages of 6 to 11 have 6% less health care compared to children between ages 0 to 5 (Centers 2016). It has been shown that older children are 2% more likely to not have healthcare/health insurance compared to children between ages of 0 to 5 (Centers 2016). For children in age groups between 5 and 11, 82.9% were found to be in extremely or very good health. Looking at the same age group from a different way, however, studies show that 2.8% of individuals missed 11+ days of school in a twelve-month period. Age groups don’t only explain whether a child is insured or not, it also depicts the type of insurance: public or private. Even though this study is not concerned with the type of health care provided to a child specifically, the type of insurance could be a confounding factor that contributes to a child’s overall health. Children ages 5 and younger were found to more likely have private insurance, whereas children between ages 6 to 11 were more likely to have public health insuranc

Soybean vein necrosis virus (SVNV) is an emerging viral disease affecting soybean, first discovered in Tennessee in 2008. SVNV has been identified as being a new virus in the genus Tospovirus, which are typically vectored by thrips. So far, only soybean thrips have been confirmed to transmit SVNV. However, other thrips species are found in soybean fields, including eastern flower thrips and tobacco thrips. The objectives of this study were to 1) Determine vector competence in three thrips species including soybean, eastern flower and tobacco thrips, and 2) Determine the effect of SVNV on host plant preference and life history of the thrips vector. Vector competence assays showed that eastern flower thrips and tobacco thrips were able to acquire the virus after being exposed to SVNV-infected leaf tissues for 48 hours. Both species were also able to successfully transmit SVNV to healthy plants, but at a lower efficiency (less than 10% of the plants were infected by eastern flower thrips and 36% by tobacco thrips) than soybean thrips (71% infection). SVNV infection did not influence host preference of soybean thrips that is both SVNV-infected and SVNV-uninfected soybean thrips aggregated on healthy plants compared to SVNV-infected plants. SVNV-infected soybean thrips had significantly higher fecundity compared to uninfected thrips. Taken together, these results contribute to a better understanding of virus-vector interaction, which is crucial for control of SVNV, as well as control of soybean thrips.http://opus.ipfw.edu/stu_symp2016/1012/thumbnail.jp

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This paper investigates the impact of the global spread of English in a Japanese context, and specifically, it examines how Japanese university students learn diversity involving various cultures and languages through their English language learning and how they view the role of English learning/teaching within a multicultural and multilingual context of Japan. The rise of newcomers from both English-speaking and non-English-speaking countries increasingly create ethnic and linguistic diversity in many areas of Japan. If the promotion of English learning continues, Japan’s English learning/teaching needs to be resituated within multicultural and multilingual contexts. Due to the diversification of English uses and users, intercultural communication via English becomes critical. To effectively and appropriately engage in English-speaking intercultural communications, English learners need to pay attention to social contexts in which they use English. To raise an awareness of social aspects of language practice and cultivate a sensitivity about language use, this paper emphasizes the importance of teaching the concept of language awareness (e.g. Fairclough, 1992, 1999; Hawkins, 1984). From an analysis of the interviews with Japanese university students, this paper suggests that teaching language awareness should be integrated in Japan’s English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education curricula in order to develop EFL students’ and teachers’ positive attitudes toward intercultural relationships and interactions. Because social change (e.g. the widespread of English) affects both global and local contexts, EFL learners and teachers are required to pay attention to local diversity which is made of acknowledge varieties of English or Englishes in order to fully acknowledge those in a global context

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http://opus.ipfw.edu/stu_symp2016/1058/thumbnail.jp

Silver nanoparticles (NPs) are the largest and fastest growing category of nanotechnology-based medicines and consumer products. Silver can have great toxicity to some aquatic organisms and, as a biocidal agent, may also damage or alter the most abundant and vulnerable beneficial microorganisms in the environment, such as Gordonia sp. However, considering the complex chemical background of natural waters, silver NPs can have complicated interactions with background chemicals such as chloride, surfactants, and dissolved natural organic matters (NOM). The results of this study show that the average particle size and dispersivity of silver NPs and the surface characteristics play an important role in the toxicity of silver NPs. Aggregation was enhanced for silver NPs in 10 mM NaNO3, but not much in 10 mM NaCl due to reactions with chloride. However, the presence of 3 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) or 8 mgC/L Suwannee River (SR) NOM appeared to reduce the aggregation of silver NPs. Regarding the bactericidal effect of silver NPs, solubility analysis suggests silver NPs inactivate Gordonia sp. differently from Ag+ and/or a slow release of Ag+ from silver NPs. When the silver NP concentration was raised from 7.3 to 29.2 mg/L in DI water, the log inactivation rate of Gordonia sp. increased from 0.16 ± 0.04 to 0.45 ± 0.13. However, with 29.2 mg/L silver NPs the log inactivation rate reached 1.40 ± 0.26 in 3 mM SDS. The presence of SRNOM mitigated the bactericidal efficacy of silver NPs due to surface coating/adsorption. On the other hand, 10 mM NaCl reduced the log inactivation rate to 0.07 ± 0.07 due to the formation of likely less toxic silver chloride species, such as AgCl, AgCl2−, AgCl32 −, and AgCl43 −

Patient satisfaction and how it is measured is an important field of study in healthcare. Consequently, there have been many patient satisfaction studies. However, there is a lack of studies that focused on how male and female patients perceive, or weigh, their overall satisfaction. Determining the weights of these attributes by gender is an important outcome to determine overall patient satisfaction and quality of care. Data were collected by applying the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) survey instrument to record regular patient experience at 70 United States hospitals. The data were collected between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2012, and there are 43,938 cases in the data set. This study found that all five of the attributes (Nursing Care, Physician Care, Staff Care, Room, and Help) had an association with patient satisfaction. Among them, nursing Care had the largest influence on patient satisfaction of all of the five attributes. This study also showed a statistically significant interaction effect by gender for the interaction between Nursing care x Gender, Physician care x Gender, and Help x Gender. Female patients rated their relationship with their nurses as being more important to their overall satisfaction, while male patients rated their relationship with their doctor as being more important to overall satisfaction. Male patients also rated their relationship with help as being more important to overall satisfaction when compared with the results from female patients. Suggestions to healthcare managers are also discussed

Prof. Steiner’s talk, u22Is this the same country? Reflections on two recent visits to China,” will address the significant role of context in forming impressions of other countries. Steiner warns that we should be carefully attentive to how we interpret our impressions in light of the broader social forces that factor into our visits. To make this point, she compares her two recent visits. Either one alone would have left a very different impression of current China. Together, they piece together an interesting and more realistic assessment of the social complexities associated with their socioeconomic, religious, and environmental realities

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The current study examines the relationship between adult attachment style and both perceived psychological contract breach and affective organizational commitment in a sample of college students with employment experience. Attachment style is argued to be an individual difference factor that affects how an individual perceives organizational events based on theory and existing empirical research related to adult attachment style. Individuals with insecure attachment styles were predicted to perceive more psychological contract breach and have lower levels of affective organizational commitment. The results reveal that individuals with higher levels of preoccupied and dismissive attachment styles perceived higher levels of psychological contract breach, and preoccupied attachment style significantly and negatively relates to affective organizational commitment. The relationship between attachment style and psychological contract dimensions was stronger for relational than transactional contract dimensions. Evidence is also found that perceived psychological contract breach mediates the relationship between preoccupied attachment style and affective commitment. Future potential research directions are described. The implications of these findings for managerial practice is discussed

Waste management practices in Nigeria: Impacts and mitigation David O. Omole Department of Civil Engineering, Covenant University, KM 10 Idiroko Road, Canaanland, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria, and Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa Solomon A. Isiorho* Department of Geosciences, Indiana University–Purdue University Fort Wayne (IPFW), Fort Wayne, Indiana 46805, USA Julius M. Ndambuki Department of Civil Engineering, Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa ABSTRACT We reviewed the current state of waste management practices in Nigeria using examples from different parts of the country. Commonly practiced waste disposal methods in Nigeria, such as burial, open-air burning, and open dumping, were found to be ineffective and detrimental to public health and the environment. It was also shown that waste management cannot be successfully operated as a social service. Rather, the generator of waste must be held responsible. Problems confronting effi- cient waste management in Nigeria include the proliferation of unplanned settle- ments, traffic congestion, insecurity, and ignorance. An experimental model being used in Lagos State for the management of wastes may be the solution. Given the rate of population growth, industrialization, and urbanization, forward-looking and effective waste management plans need to be set in motion for the protection of public health. Such plans must involve all stakeholders, including the waste generators, the private sector, the informal sector, and regulatory agencies

This research demonstrates the ways in which the work of Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar on the topic of the anxiety of authorship within female writers provides a legitimate and robust framework for exploring womenu27s literary development in Chilean literature. By studying María Luisa Bombalu27s novella The Final Mist (1935) alongside Pia Barros’ short story u22Scents of Wood and Silenceu22 (1991), this research demonstrates how two female Chilean authors, linked through time by genre, metaphor, and style, offer a unique image of the struggle of women writers against the anxiety of authorship and inferiorization instigated by the patriarchal literary tradition. Gilbert and Gubar argue that female writers must seek out literary foremothers in order to legitimize their art. This paper utilizes Gilbert and Gubar’s framework to explore the ways in which Barrosu27 short story interacts with Bombalu27s novella as a literary foremother. It does so primarily by analyzing the shared metaphors present in the stories, such as the portrayals of phantom men as embodiments of the unique female experience and creation, with male partners being presented as representations of a male dominated literary culture. It also engages in the shared styles of writing, focusing on the way in which the authors demonstrate the longing for language by their emphasis on silence, which also serves as a depiction of the struggle of the woman writer against her male precursor within Gilbert and Gubaru27s framework. Lastly, this research investigates the ways in which both Barros and Bombal used genre to expand the literary canon, blurring the lines between male points of view, which demand reality be considered transparent and objective, and the experiences of the female protagonists who incorporate and legitimize hidden, subjective experiences as a valid form of narration.http://opus.ipfw.edu/stu_symp2016/1007/thumbnail.jp

Dignity, an ethical value, is a foundational block of professional nursing care. Within the healthcare system dignity can be threatened, promoted, gained, and/or lost. As medical advances have increased lifespans, individuals are now being confronted with an increased threat of age-related illnesses that can threaten personal dignity. Providing evidence-based, best-practice dignity preserving care can improve patient outcomes resulting in both a healthy and increased lifespan. In the quest to identify ways for improving the quality of patient care, the author developed the Dignity Preservation Model (DPM). The model was developed through analysis and application of two models: the Model of Dignity in Illness developed in 2013 by a group of researchers from the VU University Medical Center in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, and the Dignity Model developed by psychiatrist Donna Hicks in 2011. The Interpersonal Relations Theory published by a psychiatric nurse, Hildegard Peplau in 1952 was utilized as the theoretical framework for the DPM. While data is not available for the effectiveness of the DPM within a clinical setting to date, the model is grounded in nursing theory, utilizing evidence-based nursing measures for the improvement of patient care outside medical interventions. Gaining a deeper knowledge and understanding of dignity within the nurse-patient relationship can enrich the nursing care provided. Nursing professionals possibly lack a working knowledge of the concept and the DPM may serve as a tool to guide them in the preservation of patient dignity within the healthcare environment. Future research should focus on the effectiveness of the DPM within the clinical setting as a method of expanding best practice nursing knowledge from which best practice patient care can be realized.http://opus.ipfw.edu/stu_symp2016/1000/thumbnail.jp

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The healthcare industry is growing in complexity, and providing a safe healthcare setting increases the challenges for many healthcare facility managers. Most facility information is not linked to the healthcare delivery process, making it difficult to identify interactions and overlaps that may have critical implications for the smooth operation of the healthcare delivery process and patient safety. This paper focused on an impact analysis of facility failures on the healthcare delivery process and involved a combination of research methods including a case study, interviews with key healthcarepractitioners as part of a case study in a major hospital, and cognitive walk-throughs with domain experts. The interactions of facility information with the healthcare delivery process helped to identify critical facility failures through planned and unplanned safety events. Use cases, use-case diagrams, scenario interaction diagrams, and failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA) were developed to learn and assess the functionality of the healthcare system communication related to the planned and unplanned events, and a number of factors associated with the facility failures were recognized

Andrea del Sarto, a Florentine painter of considerable talent, produced his Gambassi Altarpiece (1527-1528) as a response to a particularly vicious outbreak of plague. This paper describes the innovative nature of that response. I argue that Andrea’s colore—that is, his glittering treatment of light, color, and atmosphere—engages with sophisticated discussions of Renaissance art theory, with longstanding medical beliefs regarding the spread of contagion, as well as with ancient traditions of theological inquiry concerning spiritual renewal and healing. It my contention that, when considered within the context of sixteenth-century devotional practices, Andrea’s painting—his colore, in particular—offers spectators special reassurances that, in turn, resonate with the way Europeanists are coming to discuss the idea of “resilience” today. In this sense, my paper not only speaks to pressing and current concerns among scholars in the Early Modern field. It also has exciting implications for the study of Europe’s artistic and religious histories, broadly conceived

The recent rapid influx of refugee students into U.S. schools has been a learning experience for all concerned. Not only do U.S. refugees come with memories of trauma, they also have specialized educational needs that differ from international students’ or voluntary migrants’ needs. Recent refugees have come to the United States with very different socio-historical backgrounds from the majority of U.S. university students. Refugee students have very different stories of integration and incorporation in America than either immigrants or international students. Differentiated experiences demand differentiated treatment. The scholarship on U.S. refugees in college is scarce. The authors seek to add to the available scholarship by advancing understanding of Burmese refugee students’ specialized educational needs through personal narratives. The authors also hope to improve educational provisions for refugee students through attention to their multiple responsibilities and socio-psychological needs. Finally, the authors recommend effective pedagogical strategies for use with refugee students

Epidemic routing is considered useful for wireless mobile sensor networks where infrastructure support is limited and sensed information has to be disseminated in a timely manner. The relaying overhead of epidemic routing, however, needs to be reduced to conserve energy. In this paper, we study a new problem: what is a good strategy in epidemic routing to self-stop forwarding a message when a certain percentage of nodes have received a copy of the message? The goal of such a strategy is to disseminate the information to a certain percentage of nodes in the network in a timely and predictable manner, and at the same time to cooperatively avoid further spreading when the goal has been reached. As a first attempt, we focus on wireless mobile sensor networks where nodes move rapidly and randomly around and a synchronous time model is applied. We first select an accurate mathematical model to characterize the information dissemination in wireless mobile sensor networks. We then apply and extend the model to analyze and design different self-stopping strategies. Moreover, we propose a new self-stopping strategy, called the time-based probabilistic self-stopping strategy, by taking advantages of both the time-based and the probability-based strategies. We find that such a self-stopping strategy is fast, accurate, and energy efficient